| Layer | Typical Use | Protocols |
| Application | End User Layer | HTTP, FTP, SSH, DNS |
| Presentation | Syntax Layer | SSL, SSH, IMAP, MPEG, JPEG |
| Session | Sync & Send Layer | APIs, Sockets |
| Transport | End-to-end Connections | TCP, UDP |
| Network | Packets | IP, ICMP, IPSec, IGMP |
| Data Link | Frames | Ethernet, PPP, Switch |
| Physical | Physical Structure | Fiber, Access Points, Copper Cabling |